Drought experience and cavitation resistance in six shrubs from the Great Basin, Utah
نویسندگان
چکیده
Shrubs of the Great Basin desert in Utah are subjected to a prolonged summer drought. One potential consequence of drought is a reduced water transport capability of the xylem. This is due to drought-induced cavitation. We used the centrifuge method to measure the vulnerability of root and stem xylem to cavitation in six native shrub species. The shrubs fall into three categories with regards to rooting depth, vegetative phenology and plant water status during drought. The “summer green” group (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia) sustains summer drought with a relatively shallow root system (<2.5 m), but maintains leaf area. A “drought deciduous” group (Grayia spinosa, Tetradymia glabrata) has shallow roots but responds to drought by dropping leaves. A “phreatophytic” group (e.g. Chrysothamnus nauseosus) avoids low water potentials by developing a deep root system that gives them access to deeper soil moisture. We hypothesized that cavitation resistance across these groups was adjusted to the amount of drought stress a species experienced. Drought experience was quantified by measuring plant water potentials over two growing seasons. As expected, we found a significant relationship between the cavitation resistance of roots and stems of a species and the minimum seasonal water potential. Shallow rooted, drought deciduous species showed the lowest water potentials prior to leaf shedding and they had the most resistant xylem. The phreatophytic shrub Chrysothamnus nauseosus always maintained favourable water potentials and had the most susceptible xylem, and summer green species were intermediate. This correlation between cavitation resistance and water potential suggests that a safe xylem is associated with some “cost” for the plant. We could identify two costs or trade-offs. The first trade-off was between safety and transport efficiency as reflected by vessel diameter. In 5 out of 7 species, there was an intraspecific relationship between vessel diameter and cavitation resistance. Roots, having larger vessels than branches, were also more vulnerable to xylem dysfunction. There was also an interspecific correlation between vessel diameter and cavitation resistance, but only for combined root and stem data. A second trade-off was found between safety and construction cost. Resistant xylem was strongly correlated with high wood densities, suggesting that thicker cell walls and/or narrower conduits translate into lower air permeability. Air entry into the conduit is known to be the cause of cavitation. Sträucher der Great Basin Wüste in Utah sind einer langen Sommertrockenheit ausgesetzt. Eine Folge von Tockenstress ist eine reduzierte Wasserleitfähigkeit des Xylems, die durch Cavitationen verursacht wird. Wir benutzten die Zentrifugen-Methode, um die Cavitationsresistenz des WurzelCorresponding author: Uwe G. Hacke, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA, Phone: ++1-801-585-0381, Fax: ++1-801-581-4668, E-mail: [email protected] 1439-1791/00/1/1-31 $ 12.00/0 Basic Appl. Ecol. 1, 31–41 (2000) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/baecol Basic and Applied Ecology und Sprossxylems von sechs heimischen Straucharten zu messen. Die untersuchten Pflanzen fallen in drei Gruppen hinsichtlich Wurzeltiefe, vegetativer Phänologie und Wasserstatus. Während eine Gruppe (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia) die Sommertrockenheit mit einem relativ flachen Wurzelsystem (<2.5 m) überdauert, vermeiden andere (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) niedrige Wasserpotentiale durch tiefreichende Wurzeln, die diesen Pflanzen Zugang zu Wasser in tieferen Bodenschichten verschaffen. Eine dritte Gruppe (Grayia spinosa, Tetradymia glabrata) hat flache Wurzeln, verliert aber die Blätter zur Zeit der größten Sommertrockenheit. Wir testeten die Hypothese, dass die Cavitationsresistenz auf den Grad von Tockenstress abgestimmt ist, den eine Art erfährt. Wir quantifizierten Trockenstress durch das Messen der Pflanzen-Wasserpotentiale über einen Zeitraum von zwei Vegetationsperioden. Wie vermutet, fanden wir eine signifikante Beziehung zwischen der Cavitationsresistenz von Wurzeln und Sprossen einer Art und dem niedrigsten saisonalen Wasserpotential. Flachwurzelnde, blattabwerfende Arten zeigten die niedrigsten Wasserpotentiale vor dem Verlust der Blätter, während sie auch das resistenteste Xylem aufwiesen. Die tiefwurzelnde Art Chrysothamnus nauseosus hielt immer einen vorteilhaften Wasserstatus aufrecht und hatte das empfindlichste Xylem. Diese Korrelation zwischen Cavitationsresistenz und Wasserpotential deutet darauf hin, dass ein sicheres Xylem mit bestimmten „Kosten“ für die Pflanze verbunden ist. Wir konnten zwei „Kosten“ oder „trade-offs“ identifizieren. Der erste „trade-off“ bestand zwischen Sicherheit und Transporteffizienz hinsichtlich Gefäßdurchmesser. In 5 von 7 Arten existierte eine intraspezifische Beziehung zwischen Gefäßdurchmesser und Cavitationsresistenz. Wurzeln, die weitere Gefäße als Sprosse hatten, waren auch empfindlicher gegenüber dem Funktionsverlust des Xylems. Ferner gab es eine interspezifische Korrelation zwischen Gefäßdurchmesser und Cavitationsresistenz, allerdings nur für kombinierte Daten von Wurzeln und Sprossen. Wir fanden einen zweiten „trade-off“, und zwar zwischen Sicherheit und Konstruktionskosten. Resistentes Xylem zeigte hohe Holzdichten, was darauf hindeutet, dass dickere Zellwände mit einer geringeren Luftdurchlässigkeit verbunden sind.
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